https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/03/preseach-business-by-ouro-tchabu.html?m=1purpose of this article is to share the
gaps between the ideals and reality of
the implementation of Islamic business
practices in Kelantan; a well known Islamic
state in Malaysia; especially by the Muslim
businesswomen at Siti Khadijah’s market. 27
respondents were interviewed in late August
2013, however; four were disqualified due to
the fact that they are only workers and not
the owners. To obtain Allah (s.w.t) blessing
is their main reason of implementing Islamic
business practices as they believe that they will
gain Allah’s blessing or barakah in so doing.
Islamic business practices can be classified into
three phases that are before, during and after
the business. The implementation of Islamic
business practices is moderate. Using spearman
correlation, age is found out to be negative
and significant while other variables are not
significantly related to the Muslim business
women’s achievement.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; Islam; Malaysia;
Practices; Women
women entrepreneurs in Siti Khadijah market
in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Kelantan is a wellknown Islamic state in Malaysia. Moreover,
its women are well known in business which
prompted the state government to rename its
capital wet market after the Prophet’s wife that
is Siti Khadijah.
Entrepreneurship in Islam
Entrepreneurship is very encouraged in Islam
(Al-Quran: Surah No 4: Verse No 29; Riwayat
at-Tirmidhi). In fact, the Prophet and his wife
Siti Khadijah themselves are business people.
Islam is a way of life and thus, it encompasses
business. By observing personal religious duties
and business activities, one can aim for al-falah
i.e. success in this worldly affairs and Hereafter.
In other words, Islam integrates both material
and spiritual perspectives and thus; its benefits
encompass the two worlds.
Islamic Business Practices
According to Rafiki and Kalsom (2013), Islamic
business practices can be categorized into
two which are firstly, the religious practices
of the Muslim entrepreneurs such as prayers,
donations, fasting in Ramadhan and networking.
Secondly, the Shariah compliance such as
Islamic finance, permissible product and service
production, paying tithe or zakat and use of
Islamic values in business. Muslims believe
that the implementation of these two practices
will bring them to success either in this world or
Hereafter which is known in Islam as al-falah.
Shuhairimi (2013) also agreed that the
conditions of al-falah of Muslim business
people is to follow the life-styles of Muslims
(special religious rituals), to comply Shariah
principles in business (free from oppression,
injustice and discrimination) and to appreciate
Islamic values in business (generosity, sincere,
trustworthy, tawadu’ (piously: Al-Quran, 29:59),
tawakkal, siddiq (truthful), itqan (hardworking),
responsible, cooperative and to possess specific
values as entrepreneurs (creative, innovative,
motivated, capable and futuristic).
Ahmad and Abdul Kadir (2013) discussed
about the Islamic business practices that are
successful for the Muslims entrepreneurs such
as hard work and execute business according to
Islamic ethics, the entrepreneurs should always
put the customer with appealing words, sweet,
mutual respect, and gentleness and consider the
interests of all parties. Entrepreneurs should
always open-minded and strive to meet the
“consumer expectation” by emphasizing on
creativity, innovation, confidence, courage and
diligence.
According to Ilhaamie and Ibrahim (2013),
among Islamic entrepreneurship practices are to
sell only permissible products or services (free
from alcohol, pigs or swine, dogs and animal
corpses with fangs and claws or animals with
two natures (Al-Quran, 16:115 & 5:3) and
doubtful products or services whereby their
production processes are doubtful (Al-Quran,
1:173) and sinful activities such as prostitution
or any element of them (Al-Quran, 24:33).
The products or services must be good quality
(ingredients and sources, Al-Quran, 27:2)
and quantity, Al-Quran, 82:1-3), beneficial
and nutritious (free from gambling, drugs,
tobacco, Al-Quran 4:92 and hazardous chemical
ingredients: Al-Quran, 4:85), in possession (not
flying birds in the air or unripe fruit on the trees)
and not stolen from others (Al-Quran, 1:188).
The business must be based on profit and loss
sharing and not based on usury (Al-Quran:
1:275) and must be completed as agreed by both
parties (Al-Quran, 5:1, & 23:8). The price must
be fixed according to the market rate but not
too high in order to prevent entrepreneurs from
business is based on Islamic values, principles
and ethics. There will be harmony and peace in
the community as with the business, community
will be employed and their basic needs will be
fulfilled. Furthermore, the basic infrastructure
within the community will be upgraded and
enhanced. Specifically, the customers will be
loyal which is very important for the survival of
a business. On top of that, Muslim entrepreneurs
are responsible to pay business tithe or zakat to
the needy (Al-Quran: 1:267). Thus, there will
be no chaos or conflicts among the Muslims
as cooperation or Islamic brotherhood is the
foundation of Islamic business.
Moreover, they will gain barakah (Allah’s
blessings) in their business and life. Barakah
is defined as no limitation in expenses whereby
the Muslim entrepreneurs will enjoy profits
obtained without facing any big problems and
they will feel peaceful and happy (Ahmad et al.,
2008). In short, they will not only gain profits
in this world but also benefits and rewards in the
Hereafter whenever they give priority to Allah
SWT’s blessing as their main objective in doing
or running their business. (Al-Quran, 92:17-21;
Husein & Ilhaamie, 2008). Islamic business
practices are assumed as paid-up capital as
once they are implemented, the entrepreneurs
will gain benefits and rewards not only in this
worldly affairs but also in the Hereafter.
Women and Business in Islam
Women and men, hand in hand are Allah’s
caliphates on this earth (Al-Quran: 1, 30) and
thus, they are bestowed with the same tasks
i.e. to do good deeds and to avoid in doing evil
matters (Al-Quran, 9:71). Furthermore, women
are not restricted to do business outside of their
home. However, they are allowed to so provided
that they follow or abide to some conditions
e.g. covering their modesty (Al-Quran, 33:59),
not to wear makeup heavily (Al-Quran, 33:33),
with permission from their guardians (Al-Quran,
4:34) and doing jobs which are suitable for their
nature i.e. physically weak (Al-Quran,1:228).
For example, Siti Khadijah herself is a role
model in business for Muslim women. Other
examples are Umm al-Munzir binti Qays that
sold old dates, Asma’ binti Makhzamah bin
Jandal who sold perfumes in the market.
Women and Islamic Business Practices
Norsidah et al. (2004) in their study in Dungun,
Terengganu have identified that the push factors
are more significant than the pull factors in
motivating women to get involved in business.
According to Dechant and Lamky (2005) and
Naser and Mohammed (2009), push factors are
associated with negative factors (low income,
dissatisfaction, strict working hours, lack of job
opportunities) whereas pull factors are associated
with positive factors (self-accomplishment,
desire to help others). In other word, push
factors are related to the necessity factors that
force individuals to pursue entrepreneurial
activities while pull factors draw and inspire
them to be self employed (Holmen et al., 2011).
These factors are said to vary among developing
countries and emerging economies and even
individuals in the same country specifically pull
factors to be dominant in developed countries
whereas combination of factors in developing
countries. Meanwhile, women’s involvement in
business can be categorized into three which are
non-formal, formal and stable business. More
women are found in informal business.
Rohana (2012) in her study in Pendang,
Kedah reported that women entrepreneurs
believe that Islam encourages Muslim to do
business as their main job. They will obtain
success in their business and as Muslims.
Among Islamic business practices that they
do are to be thankful with the sustenance
provided by Allah in their daily business, not
to accept usury, be sincere, patience in facing
problems or risks, to sell permissible products
or services only, not to be greedy, pay debts on
time and to take initiative in business.
A study by Fatimah-Salwa et al. (2013) found
that the implementation of personal values
gaps between the ideals and reality of
the implementation of Islamic business
practices in Kelantan; a well known Islamic
state in Malaysia; especially by the Muslim
businesswomen at Siti Khadijah’s market. 27
respondents were interviewed in late August
2013, however; four were disqualified due to
the fact that they are only workers and not
the owners. To obtain Allah (s.w.t) blessing
is their main reason of implementing Islamic
business practices as they believe that they will
gain Allah’s blessing or barakah in so doing.
Islamic business practices can be classified into
three phases that are before, during and after
the business. The implementation of Islamic
business practices is moderate. Using spearman
correlation, age is found out to be negative
and significant while other variables are not
significantly related to the Muslim business
women’s achievement.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; Islam; Malaysia;
Practices; Women
women entrepreneurs in Siti Khadijah market
in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Kelantan is a wellknown Islamic state in Malaysia. Moreover,
its women are well known in business which
prompted the state government to rename its
capital wet market after the Prophet’s wife that
is Siti Khadijah.
Entrepreneurship in Islam
Entrepreneurship is very encouraged in Islam
(Al-Quran: Surah No 4: Verse No 29; Riwayat
at-Tirmidhi). In fact, the Prophet and his wife
Siti Khadijah themselves are business people.
Islam is a way of life and thus, it encompasses
business. By observing personal religious duties
and business activities, one can aim for al-falah
i.e. success in this worldly affairs and Hereafter.
In other words, Islam integrates both material
and spiritual perspectives and thus; its benefits
encompass the two worlds.
Islamic Business Practices
According to Rafiki and Kalsom (2013), Islamic
business practices can be categorized into
two which are firstly, the religious practices
of the Muslim entrepreneurs such as prayers,
donations, fasting in Ramadhan and networking.
Secondly, the Shariah compliance such as
Islamic finance, permissible product and service
production, paying tithe or zakat and use of
Islamic values in business. Muslims believe
that the implementation of these two practices
will bring them to success either in this world or
Hereafter which is known in Islam as al-falah.
Shuhairimi (2013) also agreed that the
conditions of al-falah of Muslim business
people is to follow the life-styles of Muslims
(special religious rituals), to comply Shariah
principles in business (free from oppression,
injustice and discrimination) and to appreciate
Islamic values in business (generosity, sincere,
trustworthy, tawadu’ (piously: Al-Quran, 29:59),
tawakkal, siddiq (truthful), itqan (hardworking),
responsible, cooperative and to possess specific
values as entrepreneurs (creative, innovative,
motivated, capable and futuristic).
Ahmad and Abdul Kadir (2013) discussed
about the Islamic business practices that are
successful for the Muslims entrepreneurs such
as hard work and execute business according to
Islamic ethics, the entrepreneurs should always
put the customer with appealing words, sweet,
mutual respect, and gentleness and consider the
interests of all parties. Entrepreneurs should
always open-minded and strive to meet the
“consumer expectation” by emphasizing on
creativity, innovation, confidence, courage and
diligence.
According to Ilhaamie and Ibrahim (2013),
among Islamic entrepreneurship practices are to
sell only permissible products or services (free
from alcohol, pigs or swine, dogs and animal
corpses with fangs and claws or animals with
two natures (Al-Quran, 16:115 & 5:3) and
doubtful products or services whereby their
production processes are doubtful (Al-Quran,
1:173) and sinful activities such as prostitution
or any element of them (Al-Quran, 24:33).
The products or services must be good quality
(ingredients and sources, Al-Quran, 27:2)
and quantity, Al-Quran, 82:1-3), beneficial
and nutritious (free from gambling, drugs,
tobacco, Al-Quran 4:92 and hazardous chemical
ingredients: Al-Quran, 4:85), in possession (not
flying birds in the air or unripe fruit on the trees)
and not stolen from others (Al-Quran, 1:188).
The business must be based on profit and loss
sharing and not based on usury (Al-Quran:
1:275) and must be completed as agreed by both
parties (Al-Quran, 5:1, & 23:8). The price must
be fixed according to the market rate but not
too high in order to prevent entrepreneurs from
business is based on Islamic values, principles
and ethics. There will be harmony and peace in
the community as with the business, community
will be employed and their basic needs will be
fulfilled. Furthermore, the basic infrastructure
within the community will be upgraded and
enhanced. Specifically, the customers will be
loyal which is very important for the survival of
a business. On top of that, Muslim entrepreneurs
are responsible to pay business tithe or zakat to
the needy (Al-Quran: 1:267). Thus, there will
be no chaos or conflicts among the Muslims
as cooperation or Islamic brotherhood is the
foundation of Islamic business.
Moreover, they will gain barakah (Allah’s
blessings) in their business and life. Barakah
is defined as no limitation in expenses whereby
the Muslim entrepreneurs will enjoy profits
obtained without facing any big problems and
they will feel peaceful and happy (Ahmad et al.,
2008). In short, they will not only gain profits
in this world but also benefits and rewards in the
Hereafter whenever they give priority to Allah
SWT’s blessing as their main objective in doing
or running their business. (Al-Quran, 92:17-21;
Husein & Ilhaamie, 2008). Islamic business
practices are assumed as paid-up capital as
once they are implemented, the entrepreneurs
will gain benefits and rewards not only in this
worldly affairs but also in the Hereafter.
Women and Business in Islam
Women and men, hand in hand are Allah’s
caliphates on this earth (Al-Quran: 1, 30) and
thus, they are bestowed with the same tasks
i.e. to do good deeds and to avoid in doing evil
matters (Al-Quran, 9:71). Furthermore, women
are not restricted to do business outside of their
home. However, they are allowed to so provided
that they follow or abide to some conditions
e.g. covering their modesty (Al-Quran, 33:59),
not to wear makeup heavily (Al-Quran, 33:33),
with permission from their guardians (Al-Quran,
4:34) and doing jobs which are suitable for their
nature i.e. physically weak (Al-Quran,1:228).
For example, Siti Khadijah herself is a role
model in business for Muslim women. Other
examples are Umm al-Munzir binti Qays that
sold old dates, Asma’ binti Makhzamah bin
Jandal who sold perfumes in the market.
Women and Islamic Business Practices
Norsidah et al. (2004) in their study in Dungun,
Terengganu have identified that the push factors
are more significant than the pull factors in
motivating women to get involved in business.
According to Dechant and Lamky (2005) and
Naser and Mohammed (2009), push factors are
associated with negative factors (low income,
dissatisfaction, strict working hours, lack of job
opportunities) whereas pull factors are associated
with positive factors (self-accomplishment,
desire to help others). In other word, push
factors are related to the necessity factors that
force individuals to pursue entrepreneurial
activities while pull factors draw and inspire
them to be self employed (Holmen et al., 2011).
These factors are said to vary among developing
countries and emerging economies and even
individuals in the same country specifically pull
factors to be dominant in developed countries
whereas combination of factors in developing
countries. Meanwhile, women’s involvement in
business can be categorized into three which are
non-formal, formal and stable business. More
women are found in informal business.
Rohana (2012) in her study in Pendang,
Kedah reported that women entrepreneurs
believe that Islam encourages Muslim to do
business as their main job. They will obtain
success in their business and as Muslims.
Among Islamic business practices that they
do are to be thankful with the sustenance
provided by Allah in their daily business, not
to accept usury, be sincere, patience in facing
problems or risks, to sell permissible products
or services only, not to be greedy, pay debts on
time and to take initiative in business.
A study by Fatimah-Salwa et al. (2013) found
that the implementation of personal values
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